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2013年3月22日 星期五

簡單的c範例,對於配股的累進

/*此範例可用於換算配息或配股後在加進原本股數,需要幾年可以攤平。*/
int main (void)
{
int tmp, year = 20;
float stock_price = 11, number = 10, Distributions = 1.0, x, y;
/*[輸入參數] ==> year:輸入幾年、stock_price:目前股價或預測未來之平均股價、
number:原始股數、Distributions:配息*/
x = number;
for (tmp = 0; tmp <= year; tmp ++) {
y = x * (Distributions / stock_price); /*現金殖利率換算*/
printf("%d year\t=>[stock price]:%f, [number]:%f, [cash]:%f\n", tmp, stock_price, x, y);
x += y;
}
return 0
}
/*stock price:每年的股價、number:每年累積的總股數、cash:每年總股數所配的總股息*/

0 year  =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:10.000000, [cash]:0.909091
1 year  =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:10.909091, [cash]:0.991736
2 year  =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:11.900826, [cash]:1.081893
3 year  =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:12.982719, [cash]:1.180247
4 year  =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:14.162967, [cash]:1.287542
5 year  =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:15.450509, [cash]:1.404592
6 year  =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:16.855101, [cash]:1.532282
7 year  =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:18.387383, [cash]:1.671580
8 year  =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:20.058962, [cash]:1.823542
9 year  =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:21.882504, [cash]:1.989318
10 year =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:23.871822, [cash]:2.170166
11 year =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:26.041988, [cash]:2.367454
12 year =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:28.409443, [cash]:2.582677
13 year =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:30.992119, [cash]:2.817465
14 year =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:33.809586, [cash]:3.073599
15 year =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:36.883183, [cash]:3.353017
16 year =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:40.236198, [cash]:3.657836
17 year =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:43.894035, [cash]:3.990367
18 year =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:47.884403, [cash]:4.353127
19 year =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:52.237530, [cash]:4.748867
20 year =>[stock price]:11.000000, [number]:56.986397, [cash]:5.180582

2013年3月5日 星期二

tail - output the last part of files(輸出檔案的最後部份)


NAME
       tail - output the last part of files

SYNOPSIS
       tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
       Print  the  last  10  lines of each FILE to standard output.  With more
       than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file  name.   With
       no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

       Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options are mandatory for short options
       too.

       -c, --bytes=K
              output the last K bytes; alternatively,  use  -c  +K  to  output
              bytes starting with the Kth of each file

       -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
              output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --fol‐
              low=descriptor are equivalent

       -F     same as --follow=name --retry

       -n, --lines=K
              output the last K lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n +K to
              output lines starting with the Kth

       --max-unchanged-stats=N
              with  --follow=name,  reopen  a  FILE which has not changed size
              after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or
              renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files)

       --pid=PID
              with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies

       -q, --quiet, --silent
              never output headers giving file names

       --retry
              keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessi‐
              ble; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name

       -s, --sleep-interval=N
              with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between
              iterations

       -v, --verbose
              always output headers giving file names

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       If  the  first  character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+',
       print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each  file,  other‐
       wise, print the last K items in the file.  K may have a multiplier suf‐
       fix:  b  512,  kB  1000,  K  1024,  MB  1000*1000,  M   1024*1024,   GB
       1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.

       With  --follow  (-f),  tail  defaults to following the file descriptor,
       which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will  continue
       to  track  its  end.   This  default behavior is not desirable when you
       really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descrip‐
       tor (e.g., log rotation).  Use --follow=name in that case.  That causes
       tail to track the named file  in  a  way  that  accommodates  renaming,
       removal and creation.

AUTHOR
       Written  by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Ian Lance Taylor, and Jim Mey‐
       ering.

REPORTING BUGS
       Report tail bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
       GNU coreutils home page:
       General help using GNU software:
       Report tail translation bugs to

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.   License  GPLv3+:  GNU
       GPL version 3 or later .
       This  is  free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       The full documentation for tail is maintained as a Texinfo manual.   If
       the  info  and  tail  programs are properly installed at your site, the
       command

              info coreutils 'tail invocation'

       should give you access to the complete manual.



GNU coreutils 8.5                  June 2010                           TAIL(1)

vim - Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor(一個程式設計的文字編輯器)


NAME
       vim - Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor

SYNOPSIS
       vim [options] [file ..]
       vim [options] -
       vim [options] -t tag
       vim [options] -q [errorfile]

       ex
       view
       gvim gview evim eview
       rvim rview rgvim rgview

DESCRIPTION
       Vim  is a text editor that is upwards compatible to Vi.  It can be used
       to edit all kinds of plain text.  It is especially useful  for  editing
       programs.

       There  are a lot of enhancements above Vi: multi level undo, multi win‐
       dows and buffers, syntax highlighting, command line  editing,  filename
       completion,   on-line   help,   visual  selection,  etc..   See  ":help
       vi_diff.txt" for a summary of the differences between Vim and Vi.

       While running Vim a lot of help can be obtained from the  on-line  help
       system, with the ":help" command.  See the ON-LINE HELP section below.

       Most often Vim is started to edit a single file with the command

            vim file

       More generally Vim is started with:

            vim [options] [filelist]

       If the filelist is missing, the editor will start with an empty buffer.
       Otherwise exactly one out of the following four may be used  to  choose
       one or more files to be edited.

       file ..     A  list  of  filenames.   The first one will be the current
                   file and read into the buffer.  The cursor  will  be  posi‐
                   tioned on the first line of the buffer.  You can get to the
                   other files with the ":next" command.  To edit a file  that
                   starts with a dash, precede the filelist with "--".

       -           The  file  to  edit  is read from stdin.  Commands are read
                   from stderr, which should be a tty.

       -t {tag}    The file to edit and the initial cursor position depends on
                   a  "tag",  a sort of goto label.  {tag} is looked up in the
                   tags file, the associated file becomes the current file and
                   the  associated  command  is executed.  Mostly this is used
                   for C programs, in which case {tag}  could  be  a  function
                   name.  The effect is that the file containing that function
                   becomes the current file and the cursor  is  positioned  on
                   the start of the function.  See ":help tag-commands".

       -q [errorfile]
                   Start  in  quickFix mode.  The file [errorfile] is read and
                   the first error is displayed.  If [errorfile]  is  omitted,
                   the  filename  is  obtained  from  the  'errorfile'  option
                   (defaults to "AztecC.Err" for the  Amiga,  "errors.err"  on
                   other  systems).   Further errors can be jumped to with the
                   ":cn" command.  See ":help quickfix".

       Vim behaves differently, depending on the name of the command (the exe‐
       cutable may still be the same file).

       vim       The "normal" way, everything is default.

       ex        Start  in Ex mode.  Go to Normal mode with the ":vi" command.
                 Can also be done with the "-e" argument.

       view      Start in read-only mode.  You will be protected from  writing
                 the files.  Can also be done with the "-R" argument.

       gvim gview
                 The GUI version.  Starts a new window.  Can also be done with
                 the "-g" argument.

       evim eview
                 The GUI version in easy mode.  Starts a new window.  Can also
                 be done with the "-y" argument.

       rvim rview rgvim rgview
                 Like the above, but with restrictions.  It will not be possi‐
                 ble to start shell commands, or suspend  Vim.   Can  also  be
                 done with the "-Z" argument.

OPTIONS
       The  options  may  be  given  in  any order, before or after filenames.
       Options without an argument can be combined after a single dash.

       +[num]      For the first file the cursor will be  positioned  on  line
                   "num".   If "num" is missing, the cursor will be positioned
                   on the last line.

       +/{pat}     For the first file the cursor will  be  positioned  on  the
                   first  occurrence of {pat}.  See ":help search-pattern" for
                   the available search patterns.

       +{command}

       -c {command}
                   {command} will be executed after the first  file  has  been
                   read.   {command}  is interpreted as an Ex command.  If the
                   {command} contains spaces it must  be  enclosed  in  double
                   quotes  (this depends on the shell that is used).  Example:
                   Vim "+set si" main.c
                   Note: You can use up to 10 "+" or "-c" commands.

       -S {file}   {file} will be sourced after the first file has been  read.
                   This  is  equivalent  to -c "source {file}".  {file} cannot
                   start with '-'.  If {file} is omitted "Session.vim" is used
                   (only works when -S is the last argument).

       --cmd {command}
                   Like  using  "-c",  but the command is executed just before
                   processing any vimrc file.  You can use up to 10  of  these
                   commands, independently from "-c" commands.

       -A          If  Vim  has  been compiled with ARABIC support for editing
                   right-to-left oriented files and Arabic  keyboard  mapping,
                   this  option  starts  Vim  in Arabic mode, i.e. 'arabic' is
                   set.  Otherwise an error message is given and Vim aborts.

       -b          Binary mode.  A few options will be set that makes it  pos‐
                   sible to edit a binary or executable file.

       -C          Compatible.   Set  the 'compatible' option.  This will make
                   Vim behave mostly  like  Vi,  even  though  a  .vimrc  file
                   exists.

       -d          Start  in  diff  mode.   There should be two, three or four
                   file name arguments.  Vim will open all the files and  show
                   differences between them.  Works like vimdiff(1).

       -d {device} Open  {device}  for  use as a terminal.  Only on the Amiga.
                   Example: "-d con:20/30/600/150".

       -D          Debugging.  Go to debugging mode when executing  the  first
                   command from a script.

       -e          Start  Vim  in Ex mode, just like the executable was called
                   "ex".

       -E          Start Vim in improved Ex mode, just like the executable was
                   called "exim".

       -f          Foreground.   For  the  GUI  version, Vim will not fork and
                   detach from the shell it was started in.  On the Amiga, Vim
                   is  not restarted to open a new window.  This option should
                   be used when Vim is executed by a program  that  will  wait
                   for  the  edit session to finish (e.g. mail).  On the Amiga
                   the ":sh" and ":!" commands will not work.

       --nofork    Foreground.  For the GUI version, Vim  will  not  fork  and
                   detach from the shell it was started in.

       -F          If  Vim  has  been  compiled with FKMAP support for editing
                   right-to-left oriented files and  Farsi  keyboard  mapping,
                   this  option  starts  Vim  in  Farsi mode, i.e. 'fkmap' and
                   'rightleft' are set.  Otherwise an error message  is  given
                   and Vim aborts.

       -g          If  Vim  has  been  compiled  with GUI support, this option
                   enables the GUI.  If no GUI support  was  compiled  in,  an
                   error message is given and Vim aborts.

       -h          Give  a  bit  of  help about the command line arguments and
                   options.  After this Vim exits.

       -H          If Vim has been compiled with RIGHTLEFT support for editing
                   right-to-left  oriented  files and Hebrew keyboard mapping,
                   this option starts Vim in Hebrew  mode,  i.e.  'hkmap'  and
                   'rightleft'  are  set.  Otherwise an error message is given
                   and Vim aborts.

       -i {viminfo}
                   When using the viminfo file is enabled,  this  option  sets
                   the  filename  to use, instead of the default "~/.viminfo".
                   This can also be used to skip the use of the .viminfo file,
                   by giving the name "NONE".

       -L          Same as -r.

       -l          Lisp mode.  Sets the 'lisp' and 'showmatch' options on.

       -m          Modifying  files  is  disabled.  Resets the 'write' option.
                   You can still modify the buffer, but writing a file is  not
                   possible.

       -M          Modifications  not  allowed.   The 'modifiable' and 'write'
                   options will be unset, so that changes are not allowed  and
                   files  can  not be written.  Note that these options can be
                   set to enable making modifications.

       -N          No-compatible mode.  Reset the 'compatible'  option.   This
                   will  make Vim behave a bit better, but less Vi compatible,
                   even though a .vimrc file does not exist.

       -n          No swap file will be used.  Recovery after a crash will  be
                   impossible.   Handy  if  you  want to edit a file on a very
                   slow medium (e.g. floppy).  Can also  be  done  with  ":set
                   uc=0".  Can be undone with ":set uc=200".

       -nb         Become  an  editor  server  for NetBeans.  See the docs for
                   details.

       -o[N]       Open N windows stacked.  When N is omitted, open one window
                   for each file.

       -O[N]       Open  N  windows side by side.  When N is omitted, open one
                   window for each file.

       -p[N]       Open N tab pages.  When N is omitted, open one tab page for
                   each file.

       -R          Read-only  mode.   The  'readonly' option will be set.  You
                   can still edit the buffer, but will be prevented from acci‐
                   dently  overwriting  a file.  If you do want to overwrite a
                   file, add an exclamation mark to  the  Ex  command,  as  in
                   ":w!".   The  -R  option  also  implies  the -n option (see
                   below).  The 'readonly' option  can  be  reset  with  ":set
                   noro".  See ":help 'readonly'".

       -r          List  swap  files,  with  information  about using them for
                   recovery.

       -r {file}   Recovery mode.  The swap file is used to recover a  crashed
                   editing  session.   The  swap  file is a file with the same
                   filename as the text file with ".swp" appended.  See ":help
                   recovery".

       -s          Silent  mode.   Only  when started as "Ex" or when the "-e"
                   option was given before the "-s" option.

       -s {scriptin}
                   The script file {scriptin} is read.  The characters in  the
                   file  are  interpreted  as if you had typed them.  The same
                   can be done with the command ":source! {scriptin}".  If the
                   end of the file is reached before the editor exits, further
                   characters are read from the keyboard.

       -T {terminal}
                   Tells Vim the name of the terminal  you  are  using.   Only
                   required  when the automatic way doesn't work.  Should be a
                   terminal known to Vim (builtin) or defined in  the  termcap
                   or terminfo file.

       -u {vimrc}  Use  the  commands in the file {vimrc} for initializations.
                   All the other initializations are  skipped.   Use  this  to
                   edit  a special kind of files.  It can also be used to skip
                   all initializations by giving the name "NONE".  See  ":help
                   initialization" within vim for more details.

       -U {gvimrc} Use  the  commands in the file {gvimrc} for GUI initializa‐
                   tions.  All the other GUI initializations are skipped.   It
                   can  also be used to skip all GUI initializations by giving
                   the name "NONE".  See ":help gui-init" within vim for  more
                   details.

       -V[N]       Verbose.   Give  messages about which files are sourced and
                   for reading and writing a viminfo file.  The optional  num‐
                   ber N is the value for 'verbose'.  Default is 10.

       -v          Start  Vim  in Vi mode, just like the executable was called
                   "vi".  This only has effect when the executable  is  called
                   "ex".

       -w {scriptout}
                   All  the  characters that you type are recorded in the file
                   {scriptout}, until you exit Vim.  This  is  useful  if  you
                   want  to  create  a script file to be used with "vim -s" or
                   ":source!".  If the {scriptout} file exists, characters are
                   appended.

       -W {scriptout}
                   Like -w, but an existing file is overwritten.

       -x          Use encryption when writing files.  Will prompt for a crypt
                   key.

       -X          Don't connect to the X server.  Shortens startup time in  a
                   terminal,  but  the  window title and clipboard will not be
                   used.

       -y          Start Vim in easy mode, just like the executable was called
                   "evim"  or "eview".  Makes Vim behave like a click-and-type
                   editor.

       -Z          Restricted mode.  Works like  the  executable  starts  with
                   "r".

       --          Denotes  the end of the options.  Arguments after this will
                   be handled as a file name.  This can  be  used  to  edit  a
                   filename that starts with a '-'.

       --echo-wid  GTK GUI only: Echo the Window ID on stdout.

       --help      Give a help message and exit, just like "-h".

       --literal   Take  file  name  arguments  literally, do not expand wild‐
                   cards.  This has no effect on Unix where the shell  expands
                   wildcards.

       --noplugin  Skip loading plugins.  Implied by -u NONE.

       --remote    Connect to a Vim server and make it edit the files given in
                   the rest of the arguments.  If no server is found a warning
                   is given and the files are edited in the current Vim.

       --remote-expr {expr}
                   Connect  to  a  Vim server, evaluate {expr} in it and print
                   the result on stdout.

       --remote-send {keys}
                   Connect to a Vim server and send {keys} to it.

       --remote-silent
                   As --remote, but without the  warning  when  no  server  is
                   found.

       --remote-wait
                   As  --remote,  but  Vim  does not exit until the files have
                   been edited.

       --remote-wait-silent
                   As --remote-wait, but without the warning when no server is
                   found.

       --serverlist
                   List the names of all Vim servers that can be found.

       --servername {name}
                   Use  {name}  as the server name.  Used for the current Vim,
                   unless used with a --remote argument, then it's the name of
                   the server to connect to.

       --socketid {id}
                   GTK  GUI  only:  Use  the  GtkPlug mechanism to run gvim in
                   another window.

       --version   Print version information and exit.

ON-LINE HELP
       Type ":help" in Vim to get started.  Type ":help subject" to  get  help
       on  a  specific  subject.   For example: ":help ZZ" to get help for the
       "ZZ" command.  Use and CTRL-D to complete subjects  (":help  cmd‐
       line-completion").   Tags are present to jump from one place to another
       (sort of hypertext links, see ":help").  All documentation files can be
       viewed in this way, for example ":help syntax.txt".

FILES
       /usr/share/vim/vim72/doc/*.txt
                      The  Vim documentation files.  Use ":help doc-file-list"
                      to get the complete list.

       /usr/share/vim/vim72/doc/tags
                      The tags file used for finding information in the  docu‐
                      mentation files.

       /usr/share/vim/vim72/syntax/syntax.vim
                      System wide syntax initializations.

       /usr/share/vim/vim72/syntax/*.vim
                      Syntax files for various languages.

       /usr/share/vim/vimrc
                      System wide Vim initializations.

       ~/.vimrc       Your personal Vim initializations.

       /usr/share/vim/gvimrc
                      System wide gvim initializations.

       ~/.gvimrc      Your personal gvim initializations.

       /usr/share/vim/vim72/optwin.vim
                      Script  used  for  the ":options" command, a nice way to
                      view and set options.

       /usr/share/vim/vim72/menu.vim
                      System wide menu initializations for gvim.

       /usr/share/vim/vim72/bugreport.vim
                      Script to generate a bug report.  See ":help bugs".

       /usr/share/vim/vim72/filetype.vim
                      Script to detect the type of a file by  its  name.   See
                      ":help 'filetype'".

       /usr/share/vim/vim72/scripts.vim
                      Script  to  detect  the  type of a file by its contents.
                      See ":help 'filetype'".

       /usr/share/vim/vim72/print/*.ps
                      Files used for PostScript printing.

       For recent info read the VIM home page:
       

SEE ALSO
       vimtutor(1)

AUTHOR
       Most of Vim was made by Bram Moolenaar, with a lot of help from others.
       See ":help credits" in Vim.
       Vim  is  based  on Stevie, worked on by: Tim Thompson, Tony Andrews and
       G.R. (Fred) Walter.  Although hardly any of the original code remains.

BUGS
       Probably.  See ":help todo" for a list of known problems.

       Note that a number of things that may be regarded as bugs by some,  are
       in  fact  caused by a too-faithful reproduction of Vi's behaviour.  And
       if you think other things are bugs "because Vi  does  it  differently",
       you  should  take  a closer look at the vi_diff.txt file (or type :help
       vi_diff.txt when in Vim).  Also have a look  at  the  'compatible'  and
       'cpoptions' options.



                                  2006 Apr 11                           VIM(1)

cat - concatenate files and print on the standard output(把檔案連成一串與列印在標準輸出上)


NAME
       cat - concatenate files and print on the standard output

SYNOPSIS
       cat [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
       Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.

       -A, --show-all
              equivalent to -vET

       -b, --number-nonblank
              number nonempty output lines

       -e     equivalent to -vE

       -E, --show-ends
              display $ at end of each line

       -n, --number
              number all output lines

       -s, --squeeze-blank
              suppress repeated empty output lines

       -t     equivalent to -vT

       -T, --show-tabs
              display TAB characters as ^I

       -u     (ignored)

       -v, --show-nonprinting
              use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

EXAMPLES
       cat f - g
              Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents.

       cat    Copy standard input to standard output.

AUTHOR
       Written by Torbjorn Granlund and Richard M. Stallman.

REPORTING BUGS
       Report cat bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
       GNU coreutils home page:
       General help using GNU software:
       Report cat translation bugs to

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright  ©  2010  Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+: GNU
       GPL version 3 or later .
       This is free software: you are free  to  change  and  redistribute  it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       The  full  documentation for cat is maintained as a Texinfo manual.  If
       the info and cat programs are properly installed at your site, the com‐
       mand

              info coreutils 'cat invocation'

       should give you access to the complete manual.



GNU coreutils 8.5                  June 2010                            CAT(1)

more — file perusal filter for crt viewing(檔案瀏覽過濾,對於顯示於CRT)


NAME
     more — file perusal filter for crt viewing

SYNOPSIS
     more [-dlfpcsu] [-num] [+/pattern] [+linenum] [file ...]

DESCRIPTION
     More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.  This
     version is especially primitive.  Users should realize that less(1) pro‐
     vides more(1) emulation and extensive enhancements.

OPTIONS
     Command line options are described below.  Options are also taken from
     the environment variable MORE (make sure to precede them with a dash
     (``-'')) but command line options will override them.

     -num  This option specifies an integer which is the screen size (in
           lines).

     -d    more will prompt the user with the message "[Press space to con‐
           tinue, 'q' to quit.]" and will display "[Press 'h' for instruc‐
           tions.]" instead of ringing the bell when an illegal key is
           pressed.

     -l    more usually treats ^L (form feed) as a special character, and will
           pause after any line that contains a form feed.  The -l option will
           prevent this behavior.

     -f    Causes more to count logical, rather than screen lines (i.e., long
           lines are not folded).

     -p    Do not scroll.  Instead, clear the whole screen and then display
           the text.

     -c    Do not scroll.  Instead, paint each screen from the top, clearing
           the remainder of each line as it is displayed.

     -s    Squeeze multiple blank lines into one.

     -u    Suppress underlining.

     +/    The +/ option specifies a string that will be searched for before
           each file is displayed.

     +num  Start at line number num.

COMMANDS
     Interactive commands for more are based on vi(1).  Some commands may be
     preceded by a decimal number, called k in the descriptions below.  In the
     following descriptions, ^X means control-X.

     h or ?      Help: display a summary of these commands.  If you forget all
                 the other commands, remember this one.

     SPACE       Display next k lines of text.  Defaults to current screen
                 size.

     z           Display next k lines of text.  Defaults to current screen
                 size.  Argument becomes new default.

     RETURN      Display next k lines of text.  Defaults to 1.  Argument
                 becomes new default.

     d or ^D     Scroll k lines.  Default is current scroll size, initially
                 11.  Argument becomes new default.

     q or Q or INTERRUPT
                 Exit.

     s           Skip forward k lines of text.  Defaults to 1.

     f           Skip forward k screenfuls of text.  Defaults to 1.

     b or ^B     Skip backwards k screenfuls of text.  Defaults to 1.  Only
                 works with files, not pipes.

     '           Go to place where previous search started.

     =           Display current line number.

     /pattern    Search for kth occurrence of regular expression.  Defaults to
                 1.

     n           Search for kth occurrence of last r.e.  Defaults to 1.

     ! or :!
                 Execute in a subshell

     v           Start up an editor at current line.  The editor is taken from
                 the environment variable VISUAL if defined, or EDITOR if VIS‐
                 UAL is not defined, or defaults to "vi" if neither VISUAL nor
                 EDITOR is defined.

     ^L          Redraw screen

     :n          Go to kth next file.  Defaults to 1.

     :p          Go to kth previous file.  Defaults to 1.

     :f          Display current file name and line number

     .           Repeat previous command

ENVIRONMENT
     More utilizes the following environment variables, if they exist:

     MORE        This variable may be set with favored options to more.

     SHELL       Current shell in use (normally set by the shell at login
                 time).

     TERM        Specifies terminal type, used by more to get the terminal
                 characteristics necessary to manipulate the screen.

SEE ALSO
     vi(1), less(1)

AUTHORS
     Eric Shienbrood, UC Berkeley
     Modified by Geoff Peck, UCB to add underlining, single spacing
     Modified by John Foderaro, UCB to add -c and MORE environment variable

HISTORY
     The more command appeared in 3.0BSD.  This man page documents more ver‐
     sion 5.19 (Berkeley 6/29/88), which is currently in use in the Linux com‐
     munity.  Documentation was produced using several other versions of the
     man page, and extensive inspection of the source code.

AVAILABILITY
     The more command is part of the util-linux-ng package and is available
     from ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux-ng/.

Linux 0.98                     December 25, 1992                    Linux 0.98

Linux Shell commands list(指令集)

=======================================================================

lspci - list all PCI devices

sudo - execute a command as another user

=======================================================================

lspci - list all PCI devices(列出所有PCI裝置)


NAME
       lspci - list all PCI devices(列出所有PCI裝置)

SYNOPSIS
       lspci [options]

DESCRIPTION
       lspci  is  a  utility for displaying information about PCI buses in the
       system and devices connected to them.

       By default, it shows a brief list of devices. Use the options described
       below  to  request  either a more verbose output or output intended for
       parsing by other programs.

       If you are going to report bugs in  PCI  device  drivers  or  in  lspci
       itself,  please  include  output  of "lspci -vvx" or even better "lspci
       -vvxxx" (however, see below for possible caveats).

       Some parts of the output, especially in the highly verbose  modes,  are
       probably  intelligible only to experienced PCI hackers. For exact defi‐
       nitions of the fields, please consult either the PCI specifications  or
       the header.h and /usr/include/linux/pci.h include files.

       Access  to  some  parts of the PCI configuration space is restricted to
       root on many operating systems, so the features of lspci  available  to
       normal  users  are limited. However, lspci tries its best to display as
       much as available and mark all other information with  
       text.


OPTIONS
   Basic display modes
       -m     Dump  PCI  device data in a backward-compatible machine readable
              form.  See below for details.

       -mm    Dump PCI device data in a machine readable form for easy parsing
              by scripts.  See below for details.

       -t     Show  a tree-like diagram containing all buses, bridges, devices
              and connections between them.


   Display options
       -v     Be verbose and display detailed information about all devices.

       -vv    Be very verbose and display more details.  This  level  includes
              everything deemed useful.

       -vvv   Be  even  more  verbose  and  display  everything we are able to
              parse, even if it doesn't look interesting at all  (e.g.,  unde‐
              fined memory regions).

       -k     Show kernel drivers handling each device and also kernel modules
              capable of handling it.  Turned on by default when -v  is  given
              in  the  normal  mode of output.  (Currently works only on Linux
              with kernel 2.6 or newer.)

       -x     Show hexadecimal dump of the standard part of the  configuration
              space (the first 64 bytes or 128 bytes for CardBus bridges).

       -xxx   Show  hexadecimal  dump of the whole PCI configuration space. It
              is available only to root as several PCI devices crash when  you
              try to read some parts of the config space (this behavior proba‐
              bly doesn't violate the PCI standard, but  it's  at  least  very
              stupid).  However,  such  devices are rare, so you needn't worry
              much.

       -xxxx  Show hexadecimal dump of the extended (4096-byte) PCI configura‐
              tion space available on PCI-X 2.0 and PCI Express buses.

       -b     Bus-centric  view. Show all IRQ numbers and addresses as seen by
              the cards on the PCI bus instead of as seen by the kernel.

       -D     Always show PCI domain numbers.  By  default,  lspci  suppresses
              them on machines which have only domain 0.


   Options to control resolving ID's to names
       -n     Show  PCI  vendor and device codes as numbers instead of looking
              them up in the PCI ID list.

       -nn    Show PCI vendor and device codes as both numbers and names.

       -q     Use DNS to query the central PCI ID database if a device is  not
              found  in the local pci.ids file. If the DNS query succeeds, the
              result is cached in ~/.pciids-cache and it is recognized in sub‐
              sequent  runs  even if -q is not given any more. Please use this
              switch inside automated scripts only with caution to avoid over‐
              loading the database servers.

       -qq    Same as -q, but the local cache is reset.

       -Q     Query the central database even for entries which are recognized
              locally.  Use this if you suspect that the  displayed  entry  is
              wrong.


   Options for selection of devices
       -s [[[[]:]]:][][.[]]
              Show  only devices in the specified domain (in case your machine
              has several host bridges, they can either  share  a  common  bus
              number  space  or  each  of them can address a PCI domain of its
              own; domains are numbered from 0 to ffff), bus (0 to  ff),  slot
              (0  to  1f) and function (0 to 7).  Each component of the device
              address can be omitted or set to "*", both meaning "any  value".
              All  numbers  are  hexadecimal.  E.g., "0:" means all devices on
              bus 0, "0" means all functions of device 0  on  any  bus,  "0.3"
              selects  third  function of device 0 on all buses and ".4" shows
              only the fourth function of each device.

       -d []:[]
              Show only devices with specified vendor and device ID. Both ID's
              are  given  in  hexadecimal  and may be omitted or given as "*",
              both meaning "any value".


   Other options
       -i
              Use        as    the    PCI    ID    list    instead    of
              /usr/share/misc/pci.ids.

       -p
              Use   as the map of PCI ID's handled by kernel modules. By
              default, lspci uses  /lib/modules/kernel_version/modules.pcimap.
              Applies only to Linux systems with recent enough module tools.

       -M     Invoke  bus  mapping  mode which performs a thorough scan of all
              PCI devices, including those behind misconfigured bridges,  etc.
              This option gives meaningful results only with a direct hardware
              access mode, which usually  requires  root  privileges.   Please
              note that the bus mapper only scans PCI domain 0.

       --version
              Shows lspci version. This option should be used stand-alone.


   PCI access options
       The  PCI  utilities  use  the  PCI  library to talk to PCI devices (see
       pcilib(7) for details). You can use the following options to  influence
       its behavior:

       -A
              The  library  supports  a  variety  of methods to access the PCI
              hardware.  By default, it uses the first  access  method  avail‐
              able, but you can use this option to override this decision. See
              -A help for a list of available methods and their descriptions.

       -O =
              The behavior of the  library  is  controlled  by  several  named
              parameters.   This  option allows to set the value of any of the
              parameters. Use -O help for a list of known parameters and their
              default values.

       -H1    Use  direct hardware access via Intel configuration mechanism 1.
              (This is a shorthand for -A intel-conf1.)

       -H2    Use direct hardware access via Intel configuration mechanism  2.
              (This is a shorthand for -A intel-conf2.)

       -F
              Instead of accessing real hardware, read the list of devices and
              values of their configuration registers from the given file pro‐
              duced  by  an  earlier run of lspci -x.  This is very useful for
              analysis of user-supplied bug reports, because you  can  display
              the  hardware configuration in any way you want without disturb‐
              ing the user with requests for more dumps.

       -G     Increase debug level of the library.


MACHINE READABLE OUTPUT
       If you intend to process the output of lspci automatically, please  use
       one of the machine-readable output formats (-m, -vm, -vmm) described in
       this section. All other formats are likely to change  between  versions
       of lspci.


       All  numbers  are always printed in hexadecimal. If you want to process
       numeric ID's instead of names, please add the -n switch.


   Simple format (-m)
       In the simple format, each device is described on a single line,  which
       is  formatted  as  parameters  suitable  for passing to a shell script,
       i.e., values separated by whitespaces, quoted and escaped if necessary.
       Some  of the arguments are positional: slot, class, vendor name, device
       name, subsystem vendor name and subsystem name (the last two are  empty
       if  the  device  has no subsystem); the remaining arguments are option-
       like:


       -rrev  Revision number.


       -pprogif
              Programming interface.


       The relative order of positional arguments and  options  is  undefined.
       New  options can be added in future versions, but they will always have
       a single argument not separated from the option by any spaces, so  they
       can be easily ignored if not recognized.


   Verbose format (-vmm)
       The  verbose  output is a sequence of records separated by blank lines.
       Each record describes a single device by a sequence of lines, each line
       containing  a single `tag: value' pair. The tag and the value are sepa‐
       rated by a single tab character.  Neither the  records  nor  the  lines
       within a record are in any particular order.  Tags are case-sensitive.


       The following tags are defined:


       Slot   The    name    of    the   slot   where   the   device   resides
              ([domain:]bus:device.function).  This tag is always the first in
              a record.


       Class  Name of the class.


       Vendor Name of the vendor.


       Device Name of the device.


       SVendor
              Name of the subsystem vendor (optional).


       SDevice
              Name of the subsystem (optional).


       PhySlot
              The  physical  slot  where  the  device resides (optional, Linux
              only).


       Rev    Revision number (optional).


       ProgIf Programming interface (optional).


       Driver Kernel driver currently handling  the  device  (optional,  Linux
              only).


       Module Kernel  module  reporting  that  it  is  capable of handling the
              device (optional, Linux only).


       New tags can be added in future versions, so you should silently ignore
       any tags you don't recognize.


   Backward-compatible verbose format (-vm)
       In  this mode, lspci tries to be perfectly compatible with its old ver‐
       sions.  It's almost the same as the regular  verbose  format,  but  the
       Device  tag is used for both the slot and the device name, so it occurs
       twice in a single record. Please avoid using this  format  in  any  new
       code.


FILES
       /usr/share/misc/pci.ids
              A list of all known PCI ID's (vendors, devices, classes and sub‐
              classes). Maintained at http://pciids.sourceforge.net/, use  the
              update-pciids utility to download the most recent version.

       /usr/share/misc/pci.ids.gz
              If  lspci is compiled with support for compression, this file is
              tried before pci.ids.

       ~/.pciids-cache
              All ID's found in the DNS query mode are cached in this file.


BUGS
       Sometimes, lspci is not able to decode the configuration registers com‐
       pletely.  This usually happens when not enough documentation was avail‐
       able to the authors.  In such cases, it at least prints the mark to
       signal that there is potentially something more to say. If you know the
       details, patches will be of course welcome.

       Access to the extended configuration space is currently supported  only
       by the linux_sysfs back-end.


SEE ALSO
       setpci(8), update-pciids(8), pcilib(7)


AUTHOR
       The PCI Utilities are maintained by Martin Mares .



pciutils-3.1.7                  31 January 2010                       lspci(8)